ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2026
Overview of the immunomodulatory role of bacterial probiotic-derived peptidoglycan: from molecular insights to therapeutic application.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Del immune V and microbiome restructuring in colorectal cancer surgery: a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Trial
- Lactic Acid Bacteria-Derived Postbiotics in Dairy Foods: Definitions, Functions and Regulatory Challenges.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Postbiotics: An Overview and Recommendations for Improved Reporting.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Review
- Review
- Microbiota-innate immune crosstalk drives atherosclerosis: mechanisms, disease progression, and emerging therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Probiotics are well recognized for their ability to modulate host immune responses; however, growing evidence indicates that many of their beneficial effects are mediated by structural components rather than by viable microorganisms. Among these components, probiotic-derived peptidoglycan has emerged as a key immunologically active molecule with a critical role in regulating both innate and adaptive immunity. Although substantial experimental data exist regarding its underlying mechanisms, the context-dependent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions of peptidoglycan have not been comprehensively integrated. In this review, we provide an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern the immunoregulatory properties of probiotic-derived peptidoglycan. We first discuss the structural diversity and processing of peptidoglycan and their implications for host recognition via pattern-recognition receptors, particularly Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins 1 and 2 (NOD1/2). We then critically evaluate current evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of probiotic-derived peptidoglycan in infectious diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), autoimmune disorders, allergic inflammation, and cancer. Collectively, these findings suggest that peptidoglycan holds considerable promise for the development of next-generation microbiota-based immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.