ArticleCurrent pharmaceutical design2026
Molecular Insights into the MdtABC Efflux Pump Genes in Clinical
Article in Current pharmaceutical design, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionTyphoid fever is a potentially fatal systemic infection caused by Salmonella typhi (S. typhi), a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobe. This study aimed to characterize the efflux pump genes, molecular mutations, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns in clinical isolates.
methodsA total of 2950 blood samples were collected from suspected typhoid patients. Of these, 380 (12.88%) bacterial isolates were recovered, of which 236 (62.10%) were Gram-negative. S. typhi was detected in 95 isolates (25% of all bacterial isolates), corresponding to an overall prevalence of 3.22%. Identification was performed using API 20-E strips and partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
resultsResistance profiling classified the isolates into multidrug-resistant (MDR, 13.68%) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR, 86.31%) categories. High resistance was observed to ampicillin (98.94%) and chloramphenicol (93.68%), whereas no resistance was detected to azithromycin or meropenem. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing using E-Strips showed the highest MIC values for trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (MIC DISCUSSION: A serious public health issue that increases mortality and morbidity rates worldwide is antibiotic resistance. Among the mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance in bacteria are degradation of antibiotics and/or modification of enzymes, changing drug targets to alter the affinity of antibiotics, altering bacterial surfaces by changing the expression of external membrane proteins, and active bacterial efflux of drugs. The drug's binding affinity can be changed by mutations in efflux pump genes that change the shape of the substrate- binding pocket. These structural alterations may improve the pump's capacity to identify and eliminate antibiotics, reducing intracellular drug levels and increasing resistance to several drugs.
conclusionThis study highlights the alarming rise of multidrug resistance in S. typhi isolates and identifies key genetic mutations that may influence efflux pump function, potentially contributing to enhanced antibiotic resistance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41832696What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.