Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41832356›Full record

ArticleNPJ digital medicine2026

Time and person sensitive foundation model for disease prediction and risk stratification.

Zheyuan Wang, Yukun Zhou, Yilan Wu, Jocelyn Hui Lin Goh, Ke Zou, Zhouyu Guan, Yibing Chen, Gabriel Dawei Yang, Ping Zhang, Changchang Yin and 26 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in NPJ digital medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

36 authors.

Zheyuan Wang *Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Yukun Zhou *Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
Yilan Wu *Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
Jocelyn Hui Lin Goh *Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
Ke ZouCentre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health; and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Zhouyu GuanDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai, China.
Yibing ChenSingapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
Gabriel Dawei YangSingapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
Ping ZhangDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Changchang YinDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
An Ran RanDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.
Miao Li CheeSingapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
Can Can XueSingapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
Zhi da SohSingapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
Samantha YewCentre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health; and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Danqi FangDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.
Xujia LiuDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.
Benjamin Sommer ThinggaardDepartment of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
Jakob GrauslundDepartment of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
Haoxuan LiSchool of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
Yixiao JinBeijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Eye Center of Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
Jia ShuDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Tingyao LiDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Nan JiangDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Tingli ChenDepartment of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Health and Medical Centre, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
Huating LiDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai, China.
Xiangning WangDepartment of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Qiang WuDepartment of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Charumathi SabanayagamSingapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
Siegfried K WagnerInstitute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
Carol Y CheungDepartment of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Ching-Yu ChengSingapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
Bin ShengDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. shengbin@sjtu.edu.cn.
Tien Yin WongBeijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Eye Center of Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.
Pearse A KeaneInstitute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK. p.keane@ucl.ac.uk.
Yih-Chung ThamSingapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. thamyc@nus.edu.sg.

Funding

National Key Research and Development Program of China 2022YFC2407000National Key Research and Development Program of China 2022YFC2502800National Medical Research Council of Singapore NMRC/MOH/HCSAINV21nov-0001National Natural Science Foundation of China 82388101Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality IS23096Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project 2023ZD0509202Three-Year Action Plan to Strengthen the Construction of the Public Health System in Shanghai 2023-2025 GWVI-11.1-28Wellcome Award 318987/Z/24/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Foundation models (FMs) enable generalizable medical AI, but existing retinal FMs perform best on cross-sectional classification and detection and are less effective for predicting disease incidence and progression. We present RETFound Plus, a CFP-based FM trained with temporal modeling on 1,304,292 fundus photographs from 304,345 participants across multiple visits to learn progression-aware representations. Compared with RETFound, RETFound Plus improved calibration and 5-year risk prediction across systemic and ocular diseases, with larger gains for systemic outcomes (stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes and hypertension; +4-10% c-index) than ocular outcomes (diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma; +3-7% c-index), and improved risk stratification for systemic diseases (1.2-2.1-fold higher hazard-ratio trend). Results were consistent across external multi-regional, multi-ethnic datasets from the UK, US, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Denmark.

Identifiers

PMID41832356
PMCPMC13254111

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.