Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41832175›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

Global literature review and survey of implementation constraints on natural climate solutions.

Timm Kroeger, James T Erbaugh, Zhixian Luo, Hilary Brumberg, Waverly Eichhorst, Margaret Hegwood, Anna LoPresti, Priya Shyamsundar, Peter W Ellis, Lauren E Oakes and 9 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Timm KroegerGlobal Science, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA. tkroeger@tnc.org.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1077-3774
James T ErbaughGlobal Science, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-9045
Zhixian LuoGlobal Science, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA.
Hilary BrumbergDepartment of Environmental Studies, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-1411
Waverly EichhorstDepartment of Environmental Studies, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
Margaret HegwoodDepartment of Environmental Studies, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4848-1563
Anna LoPrestiDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-1529
Priya ShyamsundarGlobal Science, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8368-8581
Peter W EllisNatural Climate Solutions Science, The Nature Conservancy, Portland, ME, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7933-8298
Lauren E OakesDepartment of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0049-1925
Dow MartinWorld Resources Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
Pedro H S BrancalionDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8245-4062
Mieke BourneThe Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya.
Arundhati JagadishNature Conservation Foundation, Mysore, Karnataka, India.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6360-6179
Kemen G AustinWildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7690-8774
Andrew T KinzerEden: People+Planet, Nairobi, Kenya.
Marcos SanjuánCatholic Relief Services, San Salvador, El Salvador.
Lisa McCulloughConservation International, Arlington, VA, USA.
Marta EchavarriaEcoDecision, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.

Funding

National Science Foundation (NSF) DGE-2146755United States Department of Agriculture | National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) 2020-384020-30727United States Department of Agriculture | National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) 2020-3840-30727
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Natural Climate Solutions - protection, restoration, and improved management of lands and waters that reduce greenhouse gasses - have large climate change mitigation potential. However, lack of comprehensive information on implementation challenges hinders the adoption of Natural Climate Solutions and the delivery of near-term mitigation. Using a global survey of Natural Climate Solutions projects and a systematic review of recent studies, we map 46 constraints in eight categories, yielding 15,572 geo-referenced pathway-constraint observations from 501 studies and projects in 137 countries covering 20 of 22 United Nations subregions. Social-behavioral, Knowledge, and Government-Organizational are the most-reported constraint categories, and lack of policy coordination or implementation capacity the most-observed constraint and most frequently top-ranking constraint for pathways and subregions. Despite broad congruence, top constraint and category rankings vary among subregions and pathways, respectively. We find that projects generally encounter diverse sets of challenges. Without enabling efforts, near-term mitigation from Natural Climate Solutions may remain well below its biophysical potential.

Identifiers

PMID41832175
PMCPMC13195100

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.