Moral injury in healthcare workers: causes & interventions.

backgroundMoral injury (MI), characterized by psychological distress from morally transgressive events, has been predominantly studied in military personnel but has gained increased attention in healthcare workers (HCWs) since the COVID-19 pandemic. SOURCES OF DATA: In this review, we narratively synthesize literature on the causes, risks, consequences, and interventions of MI in HCWs. AREAS OF AGREEMENT: There is consensus that the COVID-19 pandemic presented HCWs with unique challenges such as fear of infection and patients dying without family, which increased the risk of MI in HCWs. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY: Broader healthcare experiences, not unique to a pandemic, are less well understood. In this review, we discuss evidence of such experiences including restrictive practices in psychiatric settings and experiences of discrimination. GROWING POINTS: Recent studies have highlighted the importance of addressing MI through organizational change, training, and peer support initiatives. Emerging evidence also underscores the need to consider broader systemic factors, such as workplace culture and leadership, in mitigating MI. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH: Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to explore in more detail risk factors for MI in HCWs. Additionally, there is a need for robust evaluations of interventions to prevent and treat MI and related disorders, including randomized controlled trials. Investigating the morally injurious effects of systemic issues like understaffing is particularly urgent as the field evolves beyond pandemic-specific challenges.