SynthesisNutrients2026
Forensic Perspective of Unintentional Doping, Cardiovascular Health, and the Role of Nutrition in Competitive Sports.
Synthesis in Nutrients, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Unintentional doping, often caused by contaminated supplements or misinterpreted therapeutic prescriptions, poses significant health, ethical, and regulatory challenges in competitive sports. Understanding the cardiovascular risks associated with performance-enhancing substances (PESs) and the preventive role of nutrition requires integrated analysis. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Searches of comprehensive bibliographic databases yielded studies published between 2015 and November 2025. Inclusion criteria encompassed peer-reviewed research on doping prevalence, cardiovascular outcomes, nutritional strategies, and supplement regulation. Data extraction focused on prevalence estimates, odds ratios (ORs), hazard ratios (HRs), and effect sizes for nutritional interventions. Quality assessment employed GRADE and risk-of-bias tools. From 1320 records screened, 60 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and 31 in the meta-analysis. Surveys using indirect questioning estimated that 30-45% of elite athletes may engage in doping, while official anti-doping reports indicated that approximately 20-25% of confirmed rule violations are classified as unintentional. Supplement contamination accounted for 10-15% of unintentional cases. PES use significantly increased cardiovascular risk (HR for arrhythmias and myocardial infarction up to 3.5). Nutritional strategies-such as carbohydrate loading, optimized protein intake, omega-3 supplementation, and hydration-improved endurance by 8-12%, reduced resting heart rate by ~3 bpm, and lowered LDL cholesterol. Unintentional doping remains a major contributor to ADRVs, primarily driven by supplement contamination. Evidence-based nutrition offers safe alternatives to PESs (evidence-based nutritional strategies and structured hydration protocols), enhancing performance and cardiovascular health. Forensic toxicology and pharmacogenomic screening are essential for accurate detection and interpretation. Regulatory reforms, mandatory third-party supplement certification, and athlete education are critical to mitigate unintentional doping and ensure fair competition.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.