Unveiling Plant Metabolic Diversity: Integrating Metabolomics with Multi-Omics Approaches for Crop Improvement.

Metabolomics, representing the biochemical phenotype of cells or tissues, serves as an intrinsic factor underlying the differences in plant traits. Recent advances in multi-omics technologies have significantly deepened our understanding of plant metabolic diversity, enabling researchers to dissect complex biochemical networks at unprecedented levels of detail. This review explores the integration of metabolomics with genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics, microbiomics, and other omics approaches, emphasizing the power of these combined approaches in unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying plant adaptation, stress resistance, and phenotypic variation. Through a critical analysis of representative case studies across diverse crops, we demonstrate how multi-omics strategies facilitate the identification of key metabolic pathways and regulatory networks for crop improvement. We also discuss current challenges in data integration, metabolite coverage, and the functional characterization of unknown compounds, and propose future directions for overcoming these limitations. Addressing these challenges will require both the enhanced resolution and sensitivity of analytical techniques, as well as more robust frameworks for data integration and interpretation. By overcoming these challenges, the convergence of metabolomics with other omics disciplines will continue to expand our understanding of plant biology, offering novel insights and innovation in crop breeding and sustainable agriculture.