Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41828185›Full record

ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2026

Optimizing Rheology and Structure of Silver Pastes for Screen-Printed Silicon Solar Cells.

Baisen Hou, Zhiqiang Xia, Zhen Pang, Xinyu Zhou, Zhuo Qian, Wei Li, Mengyao Chai, Jiantao Yin, Junpeng Li, Xianglei Yu and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Baisen HouFaculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.
Zhiqiang XiaFaculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.
Zhen PangFaculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.
Xinyu ZhouFaculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.
Zhuo QianFaculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.
Wei LiSino-Platinum Electronic Materials (Yunnan) Co., Ltd., Kunming 650503, China.
Mengyao ChaiFaculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.
Jiantao YinFaculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.
Junpeng LiSino-Platinum Electronic Materials (Yunnan) Co., Ltd., Kunming 650503, China.
Xianglei YuEngineering Training Center, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.
Guoyou GanFaculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.

Funding

Major Science and Technology project of Yunnan Province 202402AB080005
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Solar energy, as a clean and renewable resource, plays a pivotal role in advancing sustainable energy technologies. The efficiency of front-side silver paste is critical for the photovoltaic performance of Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCon) solar cells. In this study, we comprehensively investigated how the composition of organic vehicles in conductive pastes influences both printing rheological properties and electrical performance. Through rheological characterization, contact angle measurements, and Three-Interval Thixotropy Tests (3ITT), we examined the effects of varying solvent, binder, and thixotropic agent ratios on paste properties. The optimized formulation-a solvent mixture of lauryl alcohol ester (TE), butyl carbitol (DGME), butyl carbitol acetate (BCA), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in a 3:4:2:1 ratio, with ethyl cellulose (EC) STD10 as the binder and a polyamide wax (PAW)-hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) thixotropic agent at a 3:1 mass ratio-demonstrated superior viscosity control and rapid structural recovery. Printed grid lines achieved a height-to-width ratio (H/W) of 0.35 and a sheet resistance (Rs) of 1.43 Ω/□. These findings reveal direct relationships between organic vehicle composition, paste rheology, and functional performance, providing practical guidance for the design and optimization of high-performance conductive pastes for c-Si solar cells. This work establishes a foundation for improving both the efficiency and reliability of next-generation silver paste formulations in photovoltaic applications.

Indexed as

height-to-width ratioorganic vehiclerheological propertiessilver pastethixotropy

Identifiers

PMID41828185
PMCPMC12985455

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.