ArticlePorcine health management2026
Genetic diversity and circulation of influenza A viruses in Italian pig farms: insights from surveillance and vaccination.
Article in Porcine health management, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Zoonotic infections and genomic evolution of novel reassortant swine influenza A viruses in Spain.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
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19 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThe genetic diversity of influenza A viruses in swine (IAV-S) in Europe, including key subtypes such as H1N1, H3N2, H1N2, and H1N1pdm09 (which features H1 hemagglutinin genes from the H1A, H1B, and H1C genetic clades), presents challenges for vaccine development and raises concerns about potential swine-to-human transmission. IAV-S also affects the pork industry, requiring management practices such as vaccination and the adoption of biosecurity measures. To evaluate the dynamics of IAV-S infections in large pig herds and assess viral diversity and circulation patterns in pig farms, two Northern Italian farrow-to-finish farms with prior IAV-S infections participated in a 2022 longitudinal study. Sows and their piglets were sampled during farrowing and nursery. In 2023, a follow-up evaluated IAV-S circulation after implementing different vaccination strategies on the two farms, including vaccination of sows and piglets.
resultsThe circulation of multiple IAV-S strains into the two farms was observed, identifying H1BN2, H1AN1, H1CN1, and H1CN2, characterized by different genetic patterns. We confirmed that maternal immunity was ineffective in preventing virus circulation among piglets. HI tests showed variability in detecting strains, raising concerns about their specificity. After vaccination was implemented on both farms, we detected only H1CN2 strains, but with distinct genetic patterns.
conclusionsThe study highlighted the genetic diversity of IAV-S strains circulating in Italian pig farms, including potential incursions from unknown external sources. Vaccination efforts resulted in broad antibody responses; however, as expected, they did not eliminate viral circulation. The diversity of lineage-derived H1C strains, along with the emergence of H1C2.4 strains, will require further investigation.
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