ArticlePediatric research2026
Pediatric bronchiolitis disease severity is associated with immune checkpoint dysregulation.
Article in Pediatric research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundImmune dysregulation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis. This study aimed to investigate the role of immune checkpoint molecules and regulatory cytokines in relation to disease severity.
methodsA prospective cohort of 151 pediatric patients aged 1 month to 2 years was enrolled and classified into control, mild, moderate, and severe bronchiolitis groups. Immune checkpoint molecules (CTLA-4, TIM-3, TIGIT, GARP) and cytokines (IL-2Rα, 4-1BB, TGF-β1, LAG-3, galectin-9) were evaluated in CD4
resultsCD4
conclusionDisease severity in bronchiolitis is associated with immune checkpoint dysregulation and an immunosuppressive environment. The observed alterations in T cell subsets and increased expression of CTLA-4 and TIM-3 highlight the potential of these molecules as biomarkers of disease progression. IMPACT: This study demonstrates that the severity of pediatric bronchiolitis is associated with the dysregulation of immune checkpoint molecules. It adds novel insight into the immunopathogenesis of bronchiolitis by focusing on early immune biomarkers beyond conventional inflammatory parameters. These findings may support risk stratification and contribute to the development of targeted therapies in future pediatric bronchiolitis management.
Identifiers
41826706What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.