Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41826518›Full record

Observational studyAnnals of surgical oncology2026

HMGB1, An Autophagy-Associated Gene, as a Novel Non-Invasive Diagnostic Biomarker: Clinicopathologic Correlation in Urinary Bladder Carcinoma Patients.

Sahil Data, Sameer Trivedi, Yashasvi Singh, Ujwal Kumar, Lalit Kumar, S N Shankhwar, Aviral Srivastava, Anil Kumar, Amrita Ghosh Kar, Rajesh Singh and 1 more

Abstract readObservational Study
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In one paragraph

Observational study in Annals of surgical oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Sahil DataDepartment of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
Sameer TrivediDepartment of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
Yashasvi SinghDepartment of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. yashasvisingh075@gmail.com.
Ujwal KumarDepartment of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
Lalit KumarDepartment of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
S N ShankhwarDepartment of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
Aviral SrivastavaDepartment of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
Anil KumarDepartment of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
Amrita Ghosh KarDepartment of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
Rajesh SinghDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
Rupesh ZarekarDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundUrinary bladder cancer (UBC) is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, but current diagnostic methods are invasive and prone to false-negatives. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of HMGB1 protein expression in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder using three distinct methods (serum ELISA, tissue IHC, and mRNA expression) via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and establishing their correlation.

methodsThis single-center prospective observational study enrolled adults planned for transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) from March 2023 to April 2025 at Banaras Hindu University, India. The study enrolled 64 UBC patients and 21 control subject. For analysis, 5 ml of blood and cystoscopic guided tumor tissue were retrieved from UBC patients undergoing TURBT and normal bladder urothelium, and 5 mL blood was retrieved from noncancerous subjects (controls) undergoing cystoscopy for various reasons. Clinicopathologic features including tumor stage (T), grade, risk group, and imaging data also were analyzed with respect to their correlation with HMGB1 expression.

resultsLevels of HMGB1 were significantly elevated in the UBC patients compared with the control patients (serum ELISA [p < 0.001], mRNA [p = 0.002], IHC [p = 0.013]). Expression of HMGB1 correlated significantly with tumor stage (T) and grade, with higher levels observed in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) than in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Notably, HMGB1 expression was highest in very-high-risk NMIBC patients. However, correlations with age, sex, MRI-VIRADS score, tumor size, and number of growths were statistically insignificant.

conclusionsElevated levels of HMGB1 correlated with advanced tumor stage, high grade, and MIBC, suggesting its utility in early detection and risk stratification, making it a non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for UBC.

Indexed as

Biomarkers, TumorCarcinoma, Transitional CellHMGB1 ProteinUrinary Bladder NeoplasmsAdultAgedCase-Control StudiesFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrognosisProspective StudiesTransurethral Resection of BladderBiomarkers, TumorHMGB1 ProteinHMGB1 protein, humanHMGB1MIBCNMIBCNon-invasive diagnostic markersUrinary bladder carcinoma (UBC)Urothelial carcinoma (UC)

Identifiers

PMID41826518

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