ArticleScientific reports2026
Dynamics of household water use determinants in selected Local Government Areas in Oyo Zone of Oyo State Nigeria.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Water remains a fundamental resource for sustaining life, health, and livelihoods, yet access and utilisation patterns differ markedly between rural and semi-urban communities. This study empirically compares household water use and its determinants in Afijio (rural) and Oyo East (semi-urban) Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Oyo State, Nigeria. Using a proportional stratified sampling technique, 275 respondents were surveyed in Afijio and 300 in Oyo East. The socio-demographic profile indicates near gender parity (Afijio: 51.1% female; Oyo East: 56.2% female) and a predominantly youthful population (18–35 years: Afijio 33.8%; Oyo East 34.8%). Most households are small to medium-sized (1–5 members: Afijio 54.2%; Oyo East 42.4%). Groundwater—mainly hand-dug wells—dominates household supply (Afijio 96%; Oyo East 93%), while access to piped water remains negligible (0.05% in both LGAs). Water use in Afijio centres on essential domestic needs such as drinking, cooking, and bathing, whereas Oyo East exhibits a more diversified pattern, including sanitation, small-scale farming, vehicle washing, and home-based enterprises. These differences reflect variations in infrastructure, economic activity, and water availability. Factor analysis identified four key determinants of water source preference: accessibility, reliability, quality, and household-specific factors. In Afijio, these components explained 63.1% of total variance, with accessibility (distance and ease of collection) as the strongest driver. In Oyo East, they accounted for 65.2% of variance, with reliability (consistency of supply) most influential. The findings underscore both infrastructural constraints and behavioural distinctions in water use. The study recommends context-specific interventions—enhancing water infrastructure and accessibility in Afijio, and improving quality assurance and sustainable management in Oyo East.
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