ArticleBMJ paediatrics open2026
Longitudinal effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on infant and toddler development: a retrospective cohort study.
Article in BMJ paediatrics open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Fine Motor Skills and Later Vocabulary Development Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Japanese Childcare Settings.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo determine if developmental outcomes differed at 24 months between US children born before and during the pandemic.
designThis retrospective cohort study included children completing a 24-month well visit between 1 March 2019 and 31 December 2022. MAIN OUTCOMES/MEASURES: Main outcomes included 24-month Ages & Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3) domain scores, total score and percentage of children classified as atypical (≥1 SD below the domain mean). Multivariable regression adjusted for child age, sex and insurance. For the transitional cohort, regression models assessed relationships between ASQ-3 measures and duration of pandemic exposure.
resultsOf 604 children, most were Hispanic/Latino (37%) or Black (26%) and on government-sponsored insurance (77%). Compared with prepandemic, pandemic children scored lower for total ASQ-3 (250 vs 262, p=0.03), communication (45 vs 49, p=0.02) and personal-social (49 vs 52, p=0.03) and had higher odds of atypical scores for fine motor (2.2, 95% CI 1.2 to 4.2; p=0.01), with males more likely to have atypical scores for communication (2.2, 95% CI 1.2 to 4.0; p=0.03) and fine motor (2.3, 95% CI 1.0 to 5.0; p=0.04). For the transitional cohort, pandemic exposure was negatively associated with total ASQ-3 (p=0.048), communication (p=0.02) and personal-social (p=0.03).
conclusionsFindings suggest a negative association of the COVID-19 pandemic with early child development, especially for emerging language and socioemotional skills, with males likely affected more than females.
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