Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41825227›Full record

ArticleNeurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics2026

Test-retest reliability and symptom association of personalized depression TMS targets: A comparative study of refined seed-based (RSA) and hierarchical clustering (HCA) approaches.

Hui Zhou, Yanmeng Bao, Jiasheng Xu, Dan Wang, Fengji Geng, Wanjun Guo, Yuzheng Hu

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Hui ZhouThe State Key Lab of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Yanmeng BaoDepartment of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Jiasheng XuDepartment of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Dan WangDepartment of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Fengji GengDepartment of Curriculum and Learning Sciences, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China. Electronic address: gengf@zju.edu.cn.
Wanjun GuoThe State Key Lab of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; MOE Frontiers Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. Electronic address: guowjcn@zju.edu.cn.
Yuzheng HuThe State Key Lab of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; MOE Frontiers Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311121, China. Electronic address: huyuzheng@zju.edu.cn.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Personalized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) targeting holds promise for improving depression treatment, but its clinical translation is hindered by limited open-source implementation and systematic comparisons of target reproducibility and clinical relevance. We implemented two leading personalized TMS-target generating approaches, namely refined seed-based (RSA) and hierarchical clustering (HCA) algorithms, and compared them on (1) test-retest reliability of derived targets, and (2) association of target-sgACC connectivity with depressive symptoms. Using resting-state fMRI data from healthy and depressed individuals, spatial reliability was quantified via inter-run Euclidean distances, and clinical relevance was assessed through correlations between depression severity and functional connectivity of targets with sgACC. Effects of global signal regression (GSR) were also evaluated. The results showed that RSA produced targets in more superior and postrior part of DLPFC and demonstrated significantly higher test-retest reliability than HCA (smaller inter-run Euclidean distances). Further, RSA-derived target-sgACC connectivity correlated positively with depression severity, which was absent in HCA-derived targets. In addition, GSR improved spatial reliability for RSA but not HCA. Our results indicate that RSA exhibits superior test-retest reliability and symptom association compared to HCA, yet large-scale clinical trials are warranted to determine which approach yields superior therapeutic efficacy, and open-sourced implementation may accelerate clinical adoption.

Indexed as

DepressionPrecision MedicineTranscranial Magnetic StimulationAdultBrain MappingCluster AnalysisClustering AlgorithmsFemaleHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleMiddle AgedReproducibility of ResultsYoung AdultDepressionNeuromodulationPersonalized TMS targeting

Identifiers

PMID41825227
PMCPMC12996647

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.