ArticleMedicine2026
The combined impact of time in range and HOMA-IR on neonatal outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus: A retrospective cohort study.
Article in Medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Time in range (TIR) derived from continuous glucose monitoring and the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) are independent predictors of maternal and neonatal outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, their combined effect on neonatal outcomes remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the joint influence of TIR and HOMA-IR on neonatal outcomes in GDM patients. In this retrospective cohort study, 166 women with GDM were categorized into 4 groups based on TIR levels (cutoff: 90%) and HOMA-IR (cutoff: cohort median): Group A (high-TIR/low-IR), Group B (high-TIR/high-IR), Group C (low-TIR/low-IR), and Group D (low-TIR/high-IR). HOMA-IR was calculated at "24 to 28 weeks' gestation" gestation using fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels obtained during the oral glucose tolerance test. Neonatal complications, including hypoglycemia, macrosomia, and hyperbilirubinemia, were compared across groups. Compared with Group A (high-TIR/low-IR), Group D (low-TIR/high-IR) demonstrated the highest risk for adverse neonatal outcomes, with significantly higher incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia (OR: 4.52, 95% CI: 1.89-10.78) and macrosomia (OR: 3.45, 95% CI: 1.45-8.19), along with higher mean neonatal bilirubin levels (10.97 ± 1.72 mg/dL vs 8.99 ± 2.09 mg/dL, P < .001). Poor glycemic control (low TIR) combined with significant insulin resistance (high HOMA-IR) identifies a subgroup of GDM patients at the highest risk for adverse neonatal outcomes. The joint assessment of TIR and HOMA-IR may facilitate precise risk stratification and personalized management in clinical practice.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.