Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41824560›Full record

ArticleScience advances2026

Immunity to hemagglutinin and neuraminidase results in additive reductions in airborne transmission of influenza H1N1 virus in ferrets.

Kayla M Septer, Derek G Sim, Devanshi R Patel, Cassandra J Field, Wei Wang, Allison E Roder, Matthew Chung, Katherine H Restori, Elizabeth B Norton, Cara Exten and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Science advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Kayla M SepterDepartment of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.ORCID 0009-0002-8666-0175
Derek G SimDepartment of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
Devanshi R PatelDepartment of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
Cassandra J FieldDepartment of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
Wei WangSystems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID 0009-0007-4394-8730
Allison E RoderSystems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Matthew ChungSystems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9545-523X
Katherine H RestoriDepartment of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6375-901X
Elizabeth B NortonDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8426-3515
Cara ExtenRoss & Carol Nese College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5494-7724
Elodie GhedinSystems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1515-725X
Troy C SuttonDepartment of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7880-4784

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Currently, there is limited knowledge on the impact of immunity to hemagglutinin (HA) and/or neuraminidase (NA) on the transmission of influenza viruses. Therefore, using intramuscular vaccination, intranasal vaccination, or infection with reassortant viruses, we induced immunity to each antigen alone or both antigens combined in ferrets. We then assessed transmission of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus from these ferrets to naïve respiratory contacts. For all strategies used to induce immunity, combined immunity to HA and NA resulted in the largest reductions in transmission. Moreover, immunity to HA and NA conferred additive rather than synergistic reductions in transmission. No escape variants emerged in our transmission studies, and logistical regression showed that the probability of transmission was less than 50% when viral titers in donors were reduced to 10

Indexed as

Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeNeuraminidaseOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsAnimalsAntibodies, ViralFemaleFerretsInfluenza VaccinesVaccinationAntibodies, ViralHemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusInfluenza VaccinesNeuraminidase

Identifiers

PMID41824560
PMCPMC12985664

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.