Progressive damage mechanism and multiscale characterization of hard sandstone-coal composite structures under loading.

Under geological conditions characterized by deep high-stress zones, intense mining disturbances, and hard roof strata, primary fractures on and within coal bodies are highly susceptible to expansion and propagation. This study investigates the failure characteristics of coal bodies under the combined effects of hard roof strata and sandstone fracture water. Taking the 11129 working face at Zhangji Coal Mine as the study site, this research examines the macro- and micro-scale load-bearing capacity and damage characteristics of coal bodies. The results indicate that: (1) During coal seam mining, the thick layer of hard sandstone roof directly overlying the seam exhibits a large span with minimal deformation while bearing the load of the overlying weak rock strata. By employing pre-splitting blasting technology, the initial roof fracture step length was reduced to 45 m. Stress concentration occurred 5-20 m ahead of the coal face, with peak stress reaching 33.8 kPa. Peak strain appeared 11m behind the coal face, registering a value of 594.3. (2) During the moment of stress-bearing or fracture, coal-rock strata undergo energy accumulation and dissipation. Before the advance distance reaches the minimum roof fracture step length, relatively hard rock layers bear their own weight and the load from overlying softer strata. As the span length of the hard rock increases, the accumulated energy rises. When the internal energy accumulation reaches the rock's load-bearing limit, the roof fractures, transferring the force to the goaf and releasing the energy. (3) Under dynamic loading, coal sample cracks exhibit a progressive evolution from "development to penetration to failure." At low impact intensity (0.3 MPa), the incident energy for samples with varying coal-to-rock ratios ranges from 172.64 to 240.89 J, with dissipated energy accounting for 0.249 to 0.44 of the total. When the impact pressure increased to 0.7 MPa and the rock content in the sample rose, the incident energy increased from 265.95 J to 326.87 J, an increase of approximately 60.92 J. The proportion of dissipated energy remained within the range of 0.249 to 0.418. The magnitude of the impact pressure had no significant effect on the degree of energy dissipation. (4) A pre-splitting blast pressure relief scheme employing fan-shaped hole groupings was proposed. Numerical results from the working face indicate that the pre-splitting blast achieved the anticipated roof control effect.