Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41824405›Full record

ArticlePloS one2026

Longitudinal evidence of technology-enhanced, individualized neuromotor rehabilitation on autonomy, cognition, quality of life, and psychological well-being: Pilot multi-sample study.

Francesco Zanatta, Patrizia Steca, Cira Fundarò, Anna Giardini, Chiara Ferretti, Giovanni Arbasi, Roberta Adorni, Marco D'Addario, Antonia Pierobon

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05399043 (Perception of High Technology in Rehabilitation), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05399043 nacompletednot on this map

Perception of High Technology in Rehabilitation: a Prospective Real-life Study on Usability, Effectiveness, and Health-related Quality of Life (PHTinRehab Study)

TypeinterventionalSponsorIstituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpARan2021 to 2023Enrolled84ConditionsNeurologic Diseases, Arthropathy of Knee, Arthropathy of HipArmsMultidisciplinary Conventional Neuromotor Rehabilitation, Technology-based Rehabilitation
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Francesco ZanattaDepartment of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6995-4190
Patrizia StecaDepartment of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
Cira FundaròNeurophysiopathology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Montescano Institute, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7810-8885
Anna GiardiniInformation Technology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy.
Chiara FerrettiNeuromotor Rehabilitation Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Montescano Institute, Italy.
Giovanni ArbasiNeuromotor Rehabilitation Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Montescano Institute, Italy.
Roberta AdorniDepartment of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
Marco D'AddarioDepartment of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
Antonia PierobonPsychology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Montescano Institute, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4678-781X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundOver the last decades, neuromotor rehabilitation programs have integrated multidisciplinary approaches with the implementation of emerging technology (e.g., robotics and virtual reality - VR), to effectively target recovery complexity. While this strategy supported patient's physical improvement, little evidence has been reported regarding the widespread effects on non-motor rehabilitation outcomes.

methodsA prospective, two-arm, non-randomized study design was adopted to provide pilot feasibility evidence on the multi-domain impact of personalized technology-enhanced neuromotor rehabilitation from convenience sub-samples of patients with stroke, Parkinson's Disease (PD), and osteoarthritis (OA). Technological intervention consisted of the integrated use of robot-assisted and/or VR-based exercises, individualized based on patient's diagnosis and rehabilitation goals. Study outcomes included patient's functional status (autonomy in ADLs, risk of falls), cognition (attention and executive functions, memory, verbal fluency), physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and psychological status (anxiety and depression symptoms, and well-being) and were compared to patients participating in standard training only. Rehabilitation experience and technology psychosocial impact were also evaluated. Intra- and intergroup comparisons along with general linear models were statistically tested within each sub-sample considered independently over three timepoints (baseline, post-intervention, 6-month follow-up).

resultsAt post-intervention, significant multi-domain intra-group improvements were observed within each sub-sample. Between-group differences were found on ADLs autonomy (stroke and PD; p < .05), executive functions (stroke; p < .01), anxiety and depression (OA and PD, respectively; p < .05), and well-being (stroke and OA; p < .05). Interaction effects (time x group) were significant only on well-being variables in stroke (p = .01) and OA (p = .02), evidencing wider short-term effects of technology-enhanced programs compared to standard training. At 6-month, significant time effects indicating sustained improvements over the three timepoints were estimated on HRQoL within each sub-sample (p < .05) and, additionally, on anxiety and depression in stroke (p = .02) and OA (p < .001). Interaction effects emerged only on physical HRQoL in OA (p = .02), along with significant between-group differences on HRQoL and anxiety and depression in OA (p < .05) and PD (p = .01), respectively.

conclusionFurther full-scale trials are warranted to confirm the longitudinal trends observed in this pilot study and to further investigate the potential multi-domain benefits of multidisciplinary and technology-integrated recovery approaches across different clinical populations.

trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05399043.

Indexed as

CognitionOsteoarthritisParkinson DiseaseQuality of LifeStroke RehabilitationAgedFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedPilot ProjectsProspective StudiesPsychological Well-BeingRoboticsStroke

Identifiers

PMID41824405
PMCPMC12987491

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.