ArticleMolecular biology reports2026
High prevalence and co-existence of SHV and CTX-M genes in extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Gram-negative bacteria isolated from hospital settings in Faisalabad District, Pakistan.
Article in Molecular biology reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHospital-acquired infections (HAIs) associated with increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are becoming a global health challenge, causing AMR spread and a serious health threat. This study was designed to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic status of AMR in Gram-negative HAI-associated bacteria, to gain a current insight into the local settings. METHODS AND
resultsKirby-Bauer method and Double Disc Synergy Test were used for phenotypic assessment of AMR and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers, respectively. Genes encoding antimicrobial resistance, ESBLs, and carbapenemases were identified by PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. Among 102 HAI samples, 62 were Gram-negative, identified as Escherichia coli (E. coli) (42.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (21.1%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (6.6%) by PCR. All K. pneumoniae and (95%) E. coli isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. K. pneumoniae isolates (95%) showed resistance against ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and aztreonam, and (89%) isolates were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ofloxacin, and cefepime (E. coli isolates (84%), (84%), (78%), (76%), (76%), and (73%) were resistant against cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, aztreonam, ceftazidime, doripenem, and colistin, respectively. Genotypically, the mcr-2 gene was detected in 5% K. pneumoniae isolates. Phenotypically, 63% isolates were identified as ESBL producers with high genetic prevalence of SHV-12 (78.9%) and SHV-1 (57.8%) in K. pneumoniae and CTX-M1 (60.5%) in E. coli. Notably, one K. pneumoniae isolate harbored all class-A ESBL genes, which is a novel finding. Co-existence of CTX-M1 + SHV-1 + TEM-1, SHV-1 + SHV-12 + TEM-1, and CTX-M1 + CTX-M15 + TEM-1 genes was dominant.
conclusionThe HAIs caused by extensively drug-resistant and ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and E. coli were dominant, with less prevalence of moderately drug-resistant Pseudomonas isolates.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41824144What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.