ArticleFunctional & integrative genomics2026
Characterization of phytosulfokine peptide family in cotton and its role in cold stress response.
Article in Functional & integrative genomics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Phytosulfokines (PSKs) are plant-secreted peptides that undergo post-translational modifications and play essential roles in regulating plant development, immune responses, and regeneration. However, their presence and functional roles in cotton remain largely unexplored, particularly regarding their involvement in stress responses. In this study, we identified 28, 31, 15, and 15 PSK genes in tetraploid Gossypium hirsutum (G. hirsutum) and Gossypium barbadense (G. barbadense), as well as diploid Gossypium arboreum (G. arboreum) and Gossypium raimondii (G. raimondii), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis classified these cotton PSK genes into three distinct subgroups. A comprehensive investigation was conducted on protein characteristics, gene structure, conserved motifs, chromosomal localization, cis-regulatory elements, and expression patterns of the cotton PSK gene family. Collinearity analysis suggested that whole-genome duplication (WGD) events have played a pivotal role in the expansion and diversification of PSK genes in cotton. Furthermore, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of GhPSK22 and GhPSK25 under cold stress revealed that these genes function as positive regulators in the cold stress response. Exogenous application of the mature PSK-α peptide, derived from GhPSK precursors, significantly enhanced cold tolerance in cotton. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses further demonstrated that PSK-α modulates genes involved in DNA-binding transcription factor activity, Plant hormone signal transduction and the MAPK cascade, thereby enhancing cold tolerance in G. hirsutum. Collectively, our findings provide the first comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the PSK gene family in cotton, revealing that whole-genome duplication contributed to its expansion. Functional characterization demonstrates that GhPSK22 and GhPSK25, along with exogenous PSK-α application, enhance cold tolerance by activating transcription factors, hormone signaling, and the MAPK cascade. These results suggest the promising potential of PSK-α as an environmentally friendly biostimulant to enhance cold resistance in cotton and possibly other crops under field conditions.
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