Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41824130›Full record

ArticleActa parasitologica2026

A Highly Sensitive 18 S rRNA Gene Based Nested PCR Assay for Detection of Calodium Hepaticum in Human and Animals.

Gokula Kannan Ragavan, Azhahianambi Palavesam, Purushothaman Selvaraj, Archudhan Lakshmipathy, Ravipati Venu, Tirumurugaan Krishnaswamy Gopalan, Michael Mawlong, Nagendra R Hegde, G Taru Sharma

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In one paragraph

Article in Acta parasitologica, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Gokula Kannan Ragavan *Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 051, India.
Azhahianambi Palavesam *Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 051, India. azhahianambi.p@tanuvas.ac.in.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7108-6767
Purushothaman SelvarajTranslational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 051, India.
Archudhan LakshmipathyTranslational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 051, India.
Ravipati VenuDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517 502, India.
Tirumurugaan Krishnaswamy GopalanTranslational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 051, India.
Michael MawlongDepartment of Clinical Microbiology and Mycobacteriology and State C & DST Laboratory, Nazareth Hospital, Shillong, 793 003, India.
Nagendra R HegdeBRIC-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 032, India.
G Taru SharmaBRIC-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 032, India.

Funding

Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India No.BT/PR39032/ADV/90/285/2020
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeCalodium hepaticum is a neglected zoonotic parasite of rodents, primarily affecting rats. Highly sensitive molecular assays such as nested PCR are not available to screen the parasite in rat, man and dog.

methodsIn the present study, parasite specific nested PCR primers were designed to amplify 171 bp partial 18 S rRNA gene of C. hepaticum and compared with an existing semi nested PCR.

resultsBoth nested PCR and semi nested PCR assays were sensitive enough to detect at least 10 C. hepaticum eggs in rat liver samples. The limit of detection of nested PCR assay was 420 zM, and it was 35-fold more sensitive than that of semi nested PCR assay. The nested and semi nested PCR assays specifically amplified C. hepaticum egg DNA from human and dog DNA samples spiked with parasite DNA. The molecular prevalence of C. hepaticum in household rats in Chennai was 41.81% based on nested PCR assay.

conclusionThis study suggests that the 18 S rRNA gene based nested PCR assay could be a more sensitive detection system for molecular screening of C. hepaticum in rat liver samples and highly suitable for epidemiological studies. Further, both the 18 S rRNA gene based nested and semi nested PCR assays can potentially used for detection of C. hepaticum infection in man and dog.

Indexed as

Dog DiseasesEnoplida InfectionsPolymerase Chain ReactionRNA, Ribosomal, 18SAnimalsDNA PrimersDogsHumansIndiaLiverRatsSensitivity and SpecificityDNA PrimersRNA, Ribosomal, 18S18S rRNA geneCalodium hepaticumHumanNested PCRRatSemi-nested PCR

Identifiers

PMID41824130

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.