ArticleVeterinary world2026
First validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol in pig plasma and dried blood spots and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Article in Veterinary world, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background and Aim: Propranolol is a widely used non-selective beta-adrenergic blocker in human medicine, with well-characterized pharmacokinetics (PK) in humans but virtually no data available for pigs, a species of growing biomedical relevance. Furthermore, no validated bioanalytical methods exist for propranolol or its primary metabolite, 4-hydroxy-propranolol, in porcine matrices. This study aimed to develop and validate a rapid, sensitive, and reliable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol in pig plasma and dried blood spots (DBS), and to apply it in a preliminary PK investigation in pigs. Materials and Methods: Sample preparation involved simple protein precipitation (plasma) or solvent extraction (DBS) using acetonitrile-water mixtures, followed by chromatographic separation on a Bridged ethyl hybrid C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm; 4-min run). Detection was performed in Multiple reaction monitoring mode with propranolol-d7 as the internal standard. Validation followed EMA ICH M10 guidelines, assessing linearity, accuracy, precision, matrix effects, recovery, and stability. The method was then applied to plasma samples from five juvenile female pigs receiving oral propranolol (3 mg/kg, q8 h). Results: The method demonstrated excellent linearity (r Conclusion: This study reports the first validated LC-MS/MS assay for propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol in pigs and demonstrates its successful application in a PK study. The method's simplicity, short runtime, and compatibility with DBS microsampling make it ideal for preclinical and veterinary research, minimizing animal stress and sampling volume. Absence of 4-hydroxypropranolol highlights interspecies metabolic variability and warrants further investigation into propranolol biotransformation pathways in swine and other translational models.
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