Ubuntu as a blueprint: learning ethical transdisciplinarity from African indigenous knowledge systems.

This perspective paper posits that the modern global pursuit of transdisciplinarity finds a time-tested blueprint in African Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS). It argues that principles such as holism, relationality, and respect, which are intrinsic to philosophies like Ubuntu, are not merely complementary but are essential for conducting ethical, effective, and community-engaged research. The paper offers a critical analysis of the risk of epistemic injustice within contemporary transdisciplinary projects, where ingrained academic power structures can perpetuate extractive and colonial research paradigms. Using the World Health Organization's ethical framework for traditional medicine research as a scaffold, we demonstrate how core tenets of ethical research, including co-creation, fair benefit-sharing, and methodological pluralism, are long-standing, embedded practices within diverse IKS across Africa. We caution against the romanticization or monolithic application of any single IKS, emphasizing the continent's epistemological diversity. By studying and honoring African IKS with nuance and respect, the global research community can move beyond tokenistic participation to achieve genuinely equitable, respectful, and impactful scientific outcomes that are co-created for the common good. This journey requires the decolonization of research methodologies and the critical integration of indigenous paradigms.