Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41822504›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026

Oncolytic adenovirus encoding a TGF-β inhibitor synergizes with PD-1 blockade to potentiate NK cell cytotoxicity against NSCLC.

Zhongqi Zhu, Chonghe Xu, Xiaoli Kong, Shulei Zhang, Shuping Lu, Shuo Zhang, Wei Xu, Qingmei Zhang, Mei Zhu

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Zhongqi Zhu *Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital (Affiliated Chaohu Hospital) of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, Anhui, China.
Chonghe Xu *Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Xiaoli Kong *Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital (Affiliated Chaohu Hospital) of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, Anhui, China.
Shulei ZhangDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital (Affiliated Chaohu Hospital) of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, Anhui, China.
Shuping LuDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital (Affiliated Chaohu Hospital) of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, Anhui, China.
Shuo ZhangDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital (Affiliated Chaohu Hospital) of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, Anhui, China.
Wei XuDepartment of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
Qingmei ZhangDepartment of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital (Affiliated Chaohu Hospital) of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, Anhui, China.
Mei ZhuDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital (Affiliated Chaohu Hospital) of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, Anhui, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a frontline treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), yet 80% of the patients exhibit resistance, creating an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, we investigated the synergistic efficacy of a triple-combination therapy comprising a PD-1 antibody, adoptive NK (natural killer) cells, and an oncolytic adenovirus Ad-anti-TGF-βRII (encoding a TGF-β inhibitor) in NSCLC xenograft mouse models. Methods: We investigated the combined effect of Ad-anti-TGF-βRII and NK cells on PD-1 antibody monotherapy using both Results: The triple-combination therapy markedly inhibited tumor growth, augmented NK cell cytotoxicity and elevated the expression levels of perforin, granzyme B, and IFN-γ. Furthermore, it significantly increased lymphocyte recruitment and infiltration into tumor tissue. Comprehensive analysis demonstrated the favorable safety profile of this therapeutic regimen. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the combination of a PD-1 antibody, NK cells, and the oncolytic adenovirus Ad-anti-TGF-βRII represents a promising therapeutic strategy for NSCLC by remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME) to overcome ICI resistance.

Indexed as

AdenoviridaeCarcinoma, Non-Small-Cell LungImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsKiller Cells, NaturalLung NeoplasmsOncolytic VirotherapyOncolytic VirusesProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorTransforming Growth Factor betaAnimalsCell Line, TumorCombined Modality TherapyCytotoxicity, ImmunologicFemaleHumansMiceImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorReceptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type IITransforming Growth Factor betaadoptive NK cell therapyimmunotherapynon-small cell lung canceroncolytic adenovirusTGF-β inhibitor

Identifiers

PMID41822504
PMCPMC12975894

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.