ArticleFrontiers in plant science2026
Co-benefits of reduced carbon and water footprints and enhanced carbon sequestration with integrated organic-inorganic fertilization and cover cropping in hilly citrus orchards.
Article in Frontiers in plant science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Citrus, a globally significant fruit crop, is predominantly cultivated on sloping land in China with a large amount of resource input and incurs high environmental costs. Current research often relies on general parameters and rarely simultaneously assesses carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF) to reveal the synergistic effects in emission reduction strategies. To address knowledge gaps, we conducted a 2-year county-scale survey and a 3-year field experiment in Zhongxian County, Chongqing, China. We optimized five nutrient management schemes, chemical fertilizer (Che), chemical fertilizer + organic manure (Che+Org), chemical fertilizer + cover crops (Che+CC), chemical fertilizer + organic manure + cover crops (Che+Org+CC), and optimized management (OPT), and analyzed them using the life cycle assessment (LCA) framework. The results showed that OPT achieved dual benefits of high productivity and low carbon-water cost, with a CF reduction of 26.9%-64.6% and a WF reduction of 75.7%-92.1% compared with other treatments. Nitrogen fertilizer production and application were the primary CF sources, whereas cover crop integration markedly decreased WF. A significant positive correlation between CF and grey WF (
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