ArticleBMC oral health2026
Effect of incorporating chitosan/hydroxyapatite composite nanoparticles into a universal adhesive on bonding efficacy to caries-affected dentin and bioactivity.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundTo evaluate the impact of incorporating chitosan/hydroxyapatite composite nanoparticles (CT/HAP NPs) into a universal adhesive on its bonding effectiveness to caries-affected dentin (CAD) and its in vitro bioactivity.
methodsCT/HAP NPs (50:50 by weight) were synthesized via a one-step co-precipitation method. All-Bond universal adhesive was modified with either 0.5 wt% or 1 wt% CT/HAP NPs, yielding three groups: unmodified control, 0.5 wt%, and 1 wt% CT/HAP. Forty-eight molar teeth (4 teeth per group) were used to prepare 240 bonded beams using either etch-and-rinse (ER) or selective-etch (SE) mode (n = 20 bonded beams per group). Micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) test was conducted using a universal testing machine after 24 h and 6 months of storage in simulated body fluid (SBF). Fifteen adhesive discs (5 mm x 1 mm) (n = 5) were examined using an environmental scanning electron microscope combined with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (ESEM/EDX) following storage in SBF for 1 day and 28 days to assess bioactivity and Ca/P ratio. Wettability, pH, and degree of conversion (DC) were assessed using a digital light microscope, a pH meter, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. µTBS and wettability data were investigated utilizing multilevel ANOVA, while pH and DC were evaluated utilizing one-way ANOVA; Tukey’s post hoc test was applied for pairwise multiple comparisons. The significance level was set at (p < 0.05).
resultsThe 1 wt% CT/HAP group exhibited significantly higher µTBS at 24 h (ER: 37.50 ± 6.90 MPa; SE: 32.52 ± 6.61 MPa) and at 6 months (ER: 41.81 ± 7.64 MPa; SE: 42.10 ± 7.23 MPa) than the 0.5 wt% CT/HAP and control groups. Adhesives containing CT/HAP NPs showed improved surface mineral deposition and higher Ca/P ratios compared to control. Wettability, pH, and degree of conversion revealed no significant changes.
conclusionsIncorporating chitosan/hydroxyapatite composite nanoparticles into an ultra-mild universal adhesive enhanced its bonding efficacy to caries-affected dentin as well as its bioactive potential, without jeopardizing the physical and chemical properties of the adhesive.
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