ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2026
Structural innovation in the evolution of plant chemical defense.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Structural innovation and flexibility in plant chemical defenses.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
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6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Chemical defenses are fundamental in organismal biology and widely used in medicine and agriculture. Plant defense chemistry evolves in response to various selective pressures, particularly herbivory, and theory has emphasized predicting toxin abundance and diversity. Here we test hypotheses about the evolution of structural innovation in chemical defense by combining molecular complexity metrics, metabolomics, molecular docking, and phylogenetic analyses, using milkweed cardenolides, steroidal glycosides that inhibit animal Na
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.