ArticleNeuroreport2026
Encoding under time pressure: stages and electrophysiological mechanisms in facial expression processing.
Article in Neuroreport, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Effective connectivity in the active encoding of facial emotions: a dynamic causal modeling study.Experimental brain research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThis study investigated the mechanisms by which shortened time constraints accelerate working memory encoding.
methodsSixty-two participants completed a working memory task for facial emotions, with encoding durations manipulated between 250 and 1050 ms. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded and analyzed in terms of component amplitude, latency, and their relationship to working memory performance. Time-frequency analyses were also conducted. Bayesian analyses were additionally conducted to validate null effects.
resultsBehavioral and time-frequency results revealed a two-stage encoding process: an initial establishment stage that enabled reasonable accuracy within 250 ms, and a refinement stage that improved encoding quality with extended time. ERP results showed that shortened encoding time primarily affected amplitudes rather than latencies of the ERPs. Specifically, P1 and N170 latencies remained stable, whereas amplitudes associated with attentional functioning (P1-origin and P1), code establishment (N170), and refinement/storage (250-400 ms) were attenuated. Linear mixed-effects models further indicated that lower accuracy was consistently associated with reduced ERP amplitudes across nearly all these components.
conclusionWorking memory encoding comprises establishment and refinement stages. Encoding acceleration under shortened time constraints is achieved by truncation of the refinement stage rather than acceleration of the establishment stage. Moreover, this acceleration compromises encoding quality by not only truncating the refinement stage, but also limiting the resource allocation to attentional capture, representation establishment, and storage. These findings have broader implications for understanding cognitive performance under time pressure.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.