ArticleJournal of biomedical optics2026
Miniature 3D-printed rod-like refractive objective for endoscopic applications.
Article in Journal of biomedical optics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Significance: The three-dimensional (3D)-printed refractive rod objective for endoscopy preserves the compact, gradient index (GRIN)-like format while delivering a wide field of view (FOV) comparable to its diameter and larger than that of a commercial GRIN lens. Aim: We focus on the design, fabrication, and experimental validation of a proof-of-concept refractive rod objective for fluorescence imaging of mouse colon tissue, with performance compared with a commercial GRIN lens. Approach: A 1× magnification refractive rod-like objective was designed in Zemax OpticStudio and fabricated using two-photon polymerization additive manufacturing. The objective consists of a sequence of convex refractive surfaces printed in contact at their vertices, with refractive index contrast provided by partially or non-polymerized resin contained within an enclosing wall. The lens has a diameter of Results: The fabricated objective resolved group 7, element 6 of a USAF resolution target ( Conclusions: The demonstrated refractive rod-like objective combines the compact geometry of a GRIN lens with the aberration correction capability of multi-element refractive optics, enabling uniform resolution across a large FOV. The approach also allows material selection tailored to fluorescence imaging requirements. Future work will focus on integration with fiber bundles and on fully polymerized designs with spatially tuned refractive index for improved long-term stability.
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