A Direct Current-to-Digital Converter IC for Luminescence-Based Detection Toward an Energy Efficient Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Sensor Wearable.

Tuna B Tufan, Benjamin Larkin, John McNEILL, Ulkuhan Guler

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in IEEE open journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Tuna B TufanDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6905-1576

Benjamin LarkinDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.

John McNEILLDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6731-9484

Ulkuhan GulerDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4723-4424

Funding

Computational Models for Smart CO2 MonitoringR21EB036329 · NIBIB · MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY · PI GULER, ULKUHAN, UNLUTURK, BIGE DENIZ · 2024 to 2024

$374k

NIBIB NIH HHS R21 EB036329

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Continuous monitoring of arterial carbon dioxide is critical for assessing respiratory function and detecting ventilation inefficiencies. Arterial blood gas analysis, the clinical gold standard, is invasive and limited to intermittent measurements in hospital settings. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide sensing offers a noninvasive alternative by measuring carbon dioxide diffusing through the skin, which strongly correlates with arterial carbon dioxide. However, conventional transcutaneous sensors require bulky bedside monitors and heating elements, making them unsuitable for wearable applications. This work presents the first integrated circuit implementation of a ratiometric time-domain dual lifetime referencing technique using a direct current-to-digital converter architecture designed for energy-efficient wearables. The proposed design achieves 0.15-nA/cnt resolution over a 30-

Indexed as

Direct current-to-digital converterdual lifetime referencingluminescence sensingtranscutaneous sensingwearable

Identifiers

PMID41816257

DOI10.1109/ojsscs.2025.3646593

PMCPMC12974256

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.