Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41816195›Full record

ArticleCerebral circulation - cognition and behavior2026

Air pollution in relation to brain health indicators and global cognitive functioning in people with cardiovascular disorders along the heart-brain axis.

Erik J Timmermans, Esther E Bron, Michiel L Bots, Anna E Leeuwis, Justine E F Moonen, Frank J Wolters, Geert Jan Biessels, Ilonca Vaartjes, Heart-Brain Connection Consortium

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Article in Cerebral circulation - cognition and behavior, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Erik J TimmermansJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Esther E BronDepartment of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Michiel L BotsJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Anna E LeeuwisAlzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Justine E F MoonenAlzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Frank J WoltersDepartment of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Geert Jan BiesselsDepartment of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Ilonca VaartjesJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Heart-Brain Connection Consortium

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

There is increasing evidence of an inverse relationship between air pollution and cognitive functioning. Yet, the biological mechanisms underlying this relationship remain underexplored in healthy and vulnerable populations. This study examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between air pollution and global cognitive functioning in individuals without or with heart failure, carotid occlusive disease, or vascular cognitive impairment. We also assessed whether the cross-sectional associations were mediated by white matter hyperintensities (WMH), total brain volume (TBV), and cerebral blood flow (CBF). The cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses included data from 341 and 180 Heart-Brain Study participants, respectively. Cognitive functioning was measured using neuropsychological tests at baseline and two-year follow-up. Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging provided WMH and TBV in mL, and CBF in mL/100g/min. WMH and TBV were divided by total intracranial volume. Annual average outdoor concentrations of particulate matter with diameters <2.5 µm and <10.0 µm, and nitrogen dioxide in µg/m

Indexed as

Carotid occlusive diseaseCerebral blood flowHeart failureParticulate matterTotal brain volumeVascular cognitive impairmentWhite matter hyperintensities

Identifiers

PMID41816195
PMCPMC12972734

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.