ArticleJournal of periodontal research2026
Macrophage Phenotype Alterations in Treated Periodontitis Patients Suggest a Pro-Inflammatory Bias.
Article in Journal of periodontal research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
aimUnderstanding macrophage polarization in periodontitis is critical for elucidating the underlying disease mechanisms. This exploratory study aimed to characterize phenotypic features of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from treated periodontitis patients.
methodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from 30 individuals classified into three groups: periodontal healthy (H) and patients with treated stage III, grade B (PIII-B) or grade C (PIII-C) periodontitis. Monocytes were differentiated into macrophages and cultured under non-polarizing (M0), M1-polarizing (LPS + IFN-γ), or M2-polarizing (IL-4 + IL-13) conditions. MDM polarization was evaluated by immunophenotyping and cytokine secretion profiling.
resultsUnder M0 conditions, the percentage of M1 MDMs decreased in the H group but remained stable in both periodontitis groups, particularly in PIII-C, which exhibited a higher M1/M2 ratio. Following M1 stimulation, no significant differences in M1/M2 ratios were observed among groups. However, H MDMs increased VEGF and IL-10 secretion compared with those from PIII-B. Under M2 stimulation, PIII-C MDMs exhibited a higher proportion of M1 cells and increased IL-6 secretion, while PIII-B MDMs demonstrated an elevated M1/M2 ratio and lower IL-10 response, suggesting a shift toward a more pro-inflammatory profile.
conclusionIn this exploratory study, MDMs from individuals with successfully treated stage III, grade B or C periodontitis exhibited a tendency toward a M1-like phenotype across different polarization conditions, indicating the possible persistence of a pro-inflammatory immune trait that requires confirmation in longitudinal and mechanistic studies.
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