ArticleBMC medicine2026
Association between ambient temperature and childhood vaccination coverage in low- and middle-income countries.
Article in BMC medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundClimate change aggravates infectious diseases and their transmission, with the large impact on children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Vaccination is an essential tool to prevent infectious disease outbreaks; however, the influence of climatic factors on pediatric vaccination rates globally is unclear.
methodsVaccination data were collected for 609,202 children under 5 years from 50 LMICs using Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) between 2010 and 2019. Annual temperature exposures after children's birth were assessed with a global meteorological reanalysis product. We applied a multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression model to quantitatively assess the association of annual mean temperature with basic vaccination coverage (complete vaccination with BCG, three doses of DPT-containing vaccine, three doses of polio vaccine, and one dose of measles-containing vaccine), adjusting for individual, maternal, and household-level factors.
resultsAmong the analyzed 609,202 children, only 59.56% completed basic immunization, with individual annual temperature exposure above 20 °C. Each 1 °C increase in annual mean temperature was associated with a 2.04% (95% CI, 1.96%-2.08%) decrease in the basic vaccination rate. Temperature increases were associated with larger declines in basic vaccination rates for children in the Middle East and North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The effects of high temperature on vaccination were significantly greater among later-born children (2.48%; 95% CI, 2.38%-2.57%), those living with less educated mothers (2.36%; 95% CI, 2.27%-2.45%), in less wealthy households (2.53%; 95% CI, 2.43%-2.63%), and in rural areas (2.17%; 95% CI, 2.09%-2.25%).
conclusionsOur findings provide novel epidemiological evidence linking higher ambient temperature and lower childhood vaccination rates in 50 LMICs. The results underscore the necessity to integrate climate adaptation strategies into vaccination program and build climate-resilient vaccination systems.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.