ReviewJournal of diabetes2026
Insights Into Macrophage Polarization and M1/M2 Balance in Diabetic Foot Ulcers.
Review in Journal of diabetes, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Artificial intelligence-guided nanozyme engineering for chronic wound healing: from rational design to precision therapeutics.Bioactive materials · 2027Review
- A multifunctional DECM/PLMA hydrogel incorporated with engineered PRP-derived exosomes enabling PHD2 silencing for skin wound repair.Bioactive materials · 2027Article
- Compartment-specific Zinc Misallocation in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Mechanistic Coupling Between Macrophage M1 Locking and MMP-9 Hyperactivation.Biological trace element research · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial Peptides for Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Infections: Current Evidence and Translational Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Parthenolide accelerates diabetic wound healing through the STAT3 and TNF-α/NF-kappaB pathways.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals the cellular composition and the mechanism underlying adrenal myelolipoma.Endocrine · 2026Article
- Circadian immunoregulation in cutaneous wound healing: from immune cell temporal heterogeneity to chronotherapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cu-CeOFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Macrophage polarization, encompassing classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) states, is a critical determinant of immune response in wound healing. In diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), a persistent imbalance favoring pro-inflammatory M1 over anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages drives chronic inflammation and impedes tissue repair. This review delineates the central role of macrophage polarization in DFU pathogenesis and systematically summarizes the key signaling pathways that govern this process, including PI3K/AKT, PPARγ, Notch, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We further synthesize these cascades into a novel hierarchical network model, identifying NF-κB and JAK-STAT as the core regulatory hubs. Beyond mechanism, we discuss emerging therapeutic strategies-including pharmacological agents and biomaterial-based approaches-that target macrophage polarization, positioning them as promising adjuvants to standard wound care. By integrating mechanistic insights with therapeutic potential, this review provides an updated framework for developing targeted immunomodulatory therapies to break the cycle of non-healing in DFUs.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.