SynthesisBMJ open2026
Epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary thromboembolism in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Management of pulmonary thromboembolism in children: an evidence-based expert consensus.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesPulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is rare but potentially life-threatening in children and differs substantially from adult PTE in epidemiology and risk factors. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarise the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and risk factors of paediatric PTE.
designA systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. DATA SOURCES: We searched eight databases (PubMed, Embase (Ovid), MEDLINE (Ovid), Cochrane Library and four Chinese databases) on 2 March 2023, with an updated search on 2 July 2024. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We included original studies reporting epidemiology (incidence/prevalence, major clinical outcomes and long-term sequelae), clinical characteristics, or risk factors of PTE in patients younger than 18 years. Reviews, case reports/series without extractable epidemiological data and studies not focused on paediatric PTE were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias using appropriate tools for observational studies. A random-effects model was applied to pool prevalence and incidence estimates, along with related outcomes, and their 95% CIs, regardless of the degree of heterogeneity.
resultsFrom 14 438 records, 26 studies were included: 16 cross-sectional, 9 cohort and 1 case-control study. 23 studies were marked as high quality and three as moderate quality. The pooled incidence of paediatric PTE was 0.016% (95% CI 0.0011% to 0.0298%). Autopsy-confirmed prevalence was 5.29% (95% CI 1.28% to 9.30%). Case fatality was 4.04% (95% CI 0.49% to 7.58%), and recurrence was 26.31% (95% CI 19.62% to 33.01%). Available evidence suggested an increasing trend in PTE occurrence over recent years. Female sex and oral contraceptive use were frequently reported clinical characteristics in adolescents. Reported risk factors clustered into genetic predisposition, underlying diseases, immobilisation or surgery and central venous catheter-related thrombosis.
conclusionsPaediatric PTE remains uncommon but appears to be increasing, with notable recurrence and non-negligible fatality. Given heterogeneous study settings and definitions, further high-quality, population-based studies are needed to refine epidemiological estimates and clarify age-specific risk profiles, thereby informing prevention strategies and clinical management. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: PREPARE-2023CN922.
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