ArticleArchives of virology2026
Genetic diversity of Apis mellifera filamentous virus in bees sampled in the USA and Jamaica.
Article in Archives of virology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Apis mellifera filamentous virus (AmFV) is a large filamentous virus with a ~500 kb double-stranded DNA genome identified in honeybees and a handful of other winged insects. Since its first identification almost 50 years ago, only a few nearly complete AmFV genomes have been sequenced. Genomic regions of AmFV have been identified using gene-specific primers as part of the viral screening surveys for honeybee viruses. Here, we assembled a complete AmFV genome from honeybees from the USA which shares 94.4-96.4% intergenomic similarity with previously published AmFV genomes. A distinct variation observed within this genome compared with others available in public databases is a unique inversion and translocation of an ~11,000 bp genomic region. In addition to assembling a full genome, we screened 250 honeybees and 20 Nomia solitary bee samples collected in the USA, and 120 honeybees collected in Jamaica for AmFV using DNA polymerase gene-specific primers. The incidence rate of AmFV infection in Nomia solitary bees sampled in the USA was 20%, whereas in the honeybees, the incidence ranged from 0% to 80% for the samples collected at different locations in the USA and from 13.3% to 58% at two locations in Jamaica. Analyses of the DNA polymerase sequences (n=84 from this study and n=43 from other studies) revealed three phylogenetically supported genotypes (I, II, III). AmFV genotype I is found in samples collected in France and the USA. Genotype II has a broad geographical range detected in samples collected in Bangladesh, China, South Korea, Cyprus, Hungary, Switzerland, and the USA. Genotype III is in samples collected from South Africa, Jamaica, Argentina, and the USA. Thus, all three AmFV genotypes are circulating in bees in the USA. To better understand the origin, diversity, and host range of AmFV at a global level, it is essential to increase the screening of various pollinators as well as Varroa mites which parasitize bees. Furthermore, given that the available AmFV genomes all belong to genotype II, and the fact that we identified large tracts of translocation/rearrangement in an AmFV genome, there is need for sequencing of additional genomes to elucidate the drivers of AmFV diversity.
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