Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41810949›Full record

ArticleJournal of virology2026

Defining the transmissible dose 50% for two pandemic influenza viruses in ferrets.

C J Field, K M Septer, D R Patel, V C Weaver, D G Sim, K H Restori, M F Boni, T C Sutton

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of virology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

C J Field *Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
K M Septer *Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
D R PatelDepartment of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
V C WeaverDepartment of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
D G SimThe Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
K H RestoriDepartment of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
M F BoniDepartment of Biology, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
T C SuttonDepartment of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7880-4784

Funding

NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response: Universal Influenza Vaccine Research Activities75N93021C00017 · NIAID · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI LOWEN, ANICE · 2021 to 2025
$27.3M
NIH HHS 75N93021C00017
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Ferrets are widely used to model airborne transmission of influenza viruses in humans. Airborne transmission is evaluated by infecting donor ferrets with a high virus dose and monitoring transmission to contact animals sharing the same airspace. Humans can be infected with a broad range of influenza virus doses. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between inoculation dose and transmission for two pandemic influenza viruses in ferrets. Donor ferrets were inoculated with 10 IMPORTANCE: Ferrets are the gold standard animal model used to assess the transmissibility of influenza viruses. Airborne transmission is evaluated by infecting donor ferrets with a high virus dose and monitoring transmission to contact animals sharing the same airspace. However, the relationship between inoculation dose and transmission has not been evaluated in ferrets. Therefore, we performed studies evaluating airborne transmission of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 and 1968 pandemic H3N2 viruses over log scale reductions in donor inoculation doses. Using the results of these studies, we define a new measure of transmission, the transmissible dose 50%: the donor inoculation dose at which a virus is transmitted to 50% of contacts. Importantly, this metric permits the evaluation of transmissibility over a log scale. We demonstrate that the 1968 pandemic H3N2 virus has reduced transmissibility compared to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus in ferrets.

Indexed as

Influenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeInfluenza, HumanOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsAnimalsDisease Models, AnimalFerretsHumansairborne transmissionferret modelinfluenza virus

Identifiers

PMID41810949
PMCPMC13098283

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.