ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2026
Relative maternal protection against type 1 diabetes: A combined analysis of 5 observational studies.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Relative maternal protection against type 1 diabetes: A combined analysis of 5 observational studies.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextMaternal (vs paternal) type 1 diabetes is associated with a relative reduction in type 1 diabetes risk in offspring during early life.
objectiveTo determine whether this effect extends into later life. To clarify the importance of intrauterine exposure to maternal type 1 diabetes, and baseline genetic susceptibility in this context.
methodsWe compared the proportion of individuals with type 1 diabetes diagnosed aged 0 to 88 years of age with affected mothers and fathers across 5 observational studies (n = 11 475), and used random-effects meta-analyses to generate overall effect estimates. We examined this by age at diagnosis, and timing of parental diagnosis relative to offspring birth. We compared the type 1 diabetes genetic risk score (T1D-GRS2) of individuals with affected mothers and fathers.
resultsAlmost half as many individuals with type 1 diabetes had an affected mother vs father (odds ratio [OR], 0.55; 95% CI, 0.48-0.64; P < .0001). A lower proportion of individuals with affected mothers than fathers was apparent even among individuals diagnosed as adults (>18 years) (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43-0.91; P = .01). The lower proportion of individuals with maternal vs paternal type 1 diabetes was only observed if maternal diagnosis preceded offspring birth (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.37-0.70; P < .001 vs OR 0.97; 95% CI, 0.69-1.38; P = .87 after birth). T1D-GRS2 was similar between individuals with affected mothers and fathers (P = .25).
conclusionOur analyses suggest intrauterine exposure to maternal type 1 diabetes is associated with long-lasting relative protection against offspring type 1 diabetes, which is independent of genetic susceptibility as measured by T1D-GRS2.
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