ArticleInternational journal of breast cancer2026
Association of Chewing Tobacco and the Risk of Breast Cancer in Indian Women: A Multicentre Case-Control Study.
Article in International journal of breast cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Association of Chewing Tobacco and the Risk of Breast Cancer in Indian Women: A Multicentre Case-Control Study.International journal of breast cancer · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Even though breast cancer (BC) is the most common female cancer worldwide, the role of tobacco, specifically chewing tobacco in the development of BC has not been widely studied. This study is aimed at assessing this association. Methods: A multicentre hospital-based case-control study was utilised. Two thousand five hundred fifty-three histopathologically confirmed BC cases, and 2239 visitor controls were included. Self-reported information was collected regarding tobacco consumption and other potential confounders. A logistic regression model was used to calculate odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI), after adjusting for age, current residential region, education, various reproductive factors, BMI and history of benign breast lump. Attributable fraction (AF) and population attributable fraction (PAF) of BC due to chewing tobacco were also calculated. Results: An increased risk of BC was observed in women who ever used chewing tobacco (OR:1.19, 95% CI:1.00-1.41) as compared to those who never consumed tobacco (smoking and chewing), consistent across all subtypes of BC. A dose-response relation was observed for duration of tobacco chewing (OR Conclusion: Our study suggests that chewing tobacco is associated with an increased risk of BC for all subtypes. This is particularly true when the duration of exposure is higher and exposure begins before FFTP. This highlights the need to target tobacco control policies to smokeless tobacco along with smoking, thus reducing the burden of BC to some extent.
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