ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2026
Polarization-Specific Macrophage-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Molecular Cargo, Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling, and Therapeutic Opportunities.
Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Glioma-derived extracellular vesicles as drivers of immunotherapeutic resistance: mechanisms of immune reprogramming and metabolic intervention.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from macrophages have emerged as critical regulators of tumor progression by functioning as polarization-dependent carriers of bioactive molecular information. Rather than acting as passive byproducts, macrophage-derived EVs reflect the activation state of their parent cells and actively reprogram tumor behavior and the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we propose a conceptual framework in which macrophage-derived EVs serve as information hubs that link macrophage polarization, selective cargo loading, and coordinated modulation of tumor and immune cell phenotypes. EVs released from classically activated (M1) macrophages predominantly convey tumor-suppressive signals, including specific noncoding RNAs and immunomodulatory proteins, thereby inhibiting tumor proliferation, invasion, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance while reinforcing anti-tumor immunity. In contrast, EVs derived from alternatively activated (M2) macrophages deliver a coherent pro-tumor program that integrates epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metabolic reprogramming, stemness maintenance, ferroptosis resistance, immune suppression, and therapy tolerance across multiple cancer types. We systematically summarize the emerging mechanisms governing polarization-dependent cargo selection, including RNA-binding protein-mediated sorting, metabolic and signaling pathway control, and EV biogenesis regulation. In addition, this review highlights the translational implications of macrophage-derived EVs as engineering-ready platforms. We discuss strategies to enhance the therapeutic utility of M1 EVs through cargo engineering and surface functionalization, as well as approaches to disrupt, reprogram, or selectively block M2 EV-mediated oncogenic information flow. Collectively, this work advances a unifying molecular and translational perspective, positioning macrophage-derived EVs as actionable targets and tools for precision modulation of the tumor microenvironment in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.