ArticleFrontiers in plant science2026
Soil accumulation and plant uptake of pharmaceutical active compounds and related metabolites from irrigation water in fennel (
Article in Frontiers in plant science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- The Analysis of Fennel (International journal of analytical chemistry · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: The reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) in agriculture is attracting increasing interest as a sustainable strategy to address water scarcity, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. However, its use can pose risks due to the potential presence of emerging contaminants of concern, such as personal care products and pharmaceuticals. Methods: This study investigated the fate of three commonly occurring pharmaceutical contaminants (PhACs) (carbamazepine, climbazole, and flecainide) and their metabolites in the soil-plant system when applied through treated wastewater. The research involved irrigating a fennel crop ( Results: Results showed PhACs accumulation in the soil and roots only at higher spiked concentrations (≥200 µg L⁻¹). Among the compounds, carbamazepine exhibited the highest root accumulation (BCF>1), but limited translocation to bulbs (TF<1). Climbazole and flecainide, despite their persistence in soil, showed low root uptake (BCF<1) and negligible translocation to bulbs. Discussion: Multivariate statistical analyses revealed compound-specific patterns governed by physicochemical properties such as ionization and hydrophobicity. Overall, fennel crop showed a restricted capacity to accumulate and translocate PhACs to bulbs, suggesting a physiological barrier that may reduce human health risks when using treated wastewater for irrigation. The results provide new insights into the environmental safety of wastewater reuse, with a specific focus on its impact on crop yield, highlighting the need for crop-specific assessments.
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Registered trials
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