Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41809468›Full record

ReviewWorld journal of hepatology2026

Environmental considerations in hepatitis E virus transmission: Is there a missing link?

Ross Campbell, Cerys Russell, Jacques Izopet, Kamar Nassim, Mark Sonderup, Sven Pischke, Sebastian J Wallace, Richie G Madden

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in World journal of hepatology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Ross CampbellDepartment of Acute Medicine, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness IV2 4UJ, Highland, United Kingdom.
Cerys RussellCentre for Rural Health Sciences, University of Highlands and Islands, Inverness IV2 5NA, Highland, United Kingdom.
Jacques IzopetLaboratory of Virology, National Reference Center on HEV, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse 31300, France.
Kamar NassimHEV International Direct-Action Group, Riverland Academy of Clinical Excellence, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia.
Mark SonderupHEV International Direct-Action Group, Riverland Academy of Clinical Excellence, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia.
Sven PischkeHEV International Direct-Action Group, Riverland Academy of Clinical Excellence, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia.
Sebastian J WallaceHEV International Direct-Action Group, Riverland Academy of Clinical Excellence, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia.
Richie G MaddenHEV International Direct-Action Group, Riverland Academy of Clinical Excellence, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic infection that varies according to genotype and geographical location. The full environmental and public health impact of hepatitis E remains uncertain. In this review, we aim to synthesise the evidence regarding HEV circulation in the environment. A literature search was conducted regarding HEV transmission and findings in environmental context, and this was synthesised to propose a hypothesis and identify gaps in our current understanding. Environmental spillover occurs due to increased interactions at the human-animal-environmental interface, with multiple causative factors. HEV genotypes 3 and 4 have been documented in pigs, deer, chicken, rat, mongoose, rabbit, dolphin, cats, dogs and horses. Other HEV genotypes 1,2 and 5-7 have been found in bandicoot, musk shrew, mink, moose, fish and camel. HEV seropositivity has also been identified in ruminant species without HEV - related sequences being identified. HEV has been found in fruit, shellfish and crops irrigated with infected water. This leads to environmental contamination. HEV circulates in the environment

Indexed as

ContaminationEnvironmentalHepatitis EPublic healthViral hepatitisZoonosis

Identifiers

PMID41809468
PMCPMC12968695

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.