Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41809435›Full record

ArticleBrain communications2026

Serum biomarker trajectory clusters predict functional outcome and quality of life for traumatic brain injury.

Thanh Son Do, Chantal Carnes, Zhihui Yang, Firas Kobeissy, Hamad Yadikar, Gayla Olbricht, Olli Tenovuo, Jussi P Posti, Ewout W Steyerberg, Lindsay Wilson and 7 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Brain communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Thanh Son DoDepartment of Computer Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA.
Chantal CarnesPathology Department, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
Zhihui YangDepartment of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
Firas KobeissyDepartment of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5008-6944
Hamad YadikarDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Sabah Al-Salem University City, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait.
Gayla OlbrichtMathematics & Statistics Department, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
Olli TenovuoClinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.
Jussi P PostiClinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.
Ewout W SteyerbergJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Lindsay WilsonUniversity of Stirling, Scotland, UK.
Nicole von SteinbüchelInstitute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen 37073, Germany.
Endre CzeiterDepartment of Neurosurgery, Medical School, Molecular Medicine Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, HUN-REN-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, University of Pécs, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary.
Andras BukiDepartment of Neurosurgery, Örebro University, 70 182 Örebro, Sweden.
David K MenonDepartment of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3228-9692
Andrew I R MaasDepartment of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium.
Kevin K WangDepartment of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
Tayo Obafemi-AjayiEngineering Program, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0155-9733

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Serum brain-enriched biomarkers are increasingly employed in the clinical evaluation of traumatic brain injury (TBI) to assist with triage, neuroimaging decisions, and prognostication. However, the potential of temporal biomarker trajectories to inform disease monitoring and long-term outcomes remains underexplored. We aim to identify distinct biomarker trajectory (TRAJ) profiles in traumatic brain injury patients and to examine their associations with long-term clinical outcomes. The study included 373, CT-positive Intensive Care Unit (ICU) traumatic brain injury patients (256 with initial Glasgow Coma Scale 3-12) from the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in TBI (CENTER-TBI) core study who had at least two serum samples collected between days 1 and 5 post-injury. Six biomarkers -glial fibrillary acidic protein, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1, neurofilament light chain, Tau, S100B, and neuron-specific enolase- were analysed. Optimal cluster solutions were determined using a composite validation index derived from seven internal clustering metrics. Distinct high and low trajectory classes emerged for all biomarkers; each comprising at least 40% of the cohort for five of the biomarkers. Cross-biomarker concordance analysis identified composite high (

Indexed as

blood-based biomarkersensemble cluster validation modelmachine learningtraumatic brain injury prognosis

Identifiers

PMID41809435
PMCPMC12970999

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.