ArticleCancer management and research2026
Impact of Ethnic Differences and HER2 Protein Expression on the Age at Breast Cancer Diagnosis: A Mixed Methods Study.
Article in Cancer management and research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Despite advances in breast cancer (BC) research, a significant research gap remains in understanding the interplay of ethnicity, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) protein expression and age at BC diagnosis, particularly in underrepresented minority populations from Africa. We analyzed variations in HER2 protein expression and ethnic differences in age at BC diagnosis across indigenous Namibian and American women diagnosed with BC. Methods: Using a mixed methods study, we analyzed case series cohort from 1,953 women all diagnosed with invasive BC, including 98 indigenous Namibian women and 1855 American women retrieved from the cBioPortal database. HER2 positivity rate was obtained by staining breast tissue biopsies and quantifying HER2 protein expression, with this study accessing the data retrospectively. We stratified participants by ethnicity and compared age at BC diagnosis and HER2 status to elucidate disparities. Chi-square test for proportions, Results: Indigenous Namibian women were diagnosed with BC significantly with a younger age compared to American women (White, p<0.0001, and African American p=0.0035). In a logistic regression analysis, African American women with BC had significantly lower odds of HER2-positive status compared to White women (OR = 0.52, p < 0.001). The cumulative probability analysis further delineated the probabilities for age at BC diagnosis according to ethnic disparities with indigenous Namibian, Asian, and African American women showing significant higher probabilities for younger ages at BC diagnosis compared to White women (p<0.0001, p=0.0035, and p=0.0057, respectively). Conclusion: Ethnic disparities and the variations in HER2 protein expression and age at BC diagnosis between indigenous Namibian and American women diagnosed with BC necessitate tailored population genetics and geographical differences in BC screening approach to address global BC screening equity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.