Rapid and Efficient Aerosol Delivery During 60 L/min High Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy-In Vitro Development of a Novel Dry Powder Delivery Platform.

Casey Grey, Ghali Aladwani, Anya Maradiaga, Dale Farkas, Nathan Perkins, Aamer Syed, Michael Hindle, P Worth Longest

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in AAPS PharmSciTech, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Casey GreyDepartment of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, P.O. Box 843015, Richmond, Virginia, 23284-3015, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0003-2517-4648

Ghali AladwaniDepartment of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, P.O. Box 843015, Richmond, Virginia, 23284-3015, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-9416-8820

Anya MaradiagaDepartment of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, P.O. Box 843015, Richmond, Virginia, 23284-3015, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0000-5176-0817

Dale FarkasDepartment of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, P.O. Box 843015, Richmond, Virginia, 23284-3015, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7295-7555

Nathan PerkinsDepartment of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, P.O. Box 843015, Richmond, Virginia, 23284-3015, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0003-2988-0427

Aamer SyedDepartment of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0008-8950-2117

Michael HindleDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1025-1183

P Worth LongestDepartment of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, P.O. Box 843015, Richmond, Virginia, 23284-3015, USA. pwlongest@vcu.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4939-5691

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

High flow therapy (HFT) delivers heated and humidified gas at flow rates up to 60 L/min to hypoxemic subjects, but is not conducive to simultaneous administration of pharmaceutical aerosols. Aerosol losses occur due to circuit wall impaction, environmental loss and particle growth from high humidity; resulting in poor lung delivery efficiency. This study compares two strategies for delivering dry powder aerosols during 60 L/min humidified HFT: a circuit connector (HFT-CC) which integrates directly into the standard HFT flow pathway, and an interface connector (HFT-IC) designed to bypass delivery line losses by directly injecting aerosol into the nasal prongs. Experiments were conducted using an anatomically-realistic in vitro adult nasal airway model with physiological breathing patterns, albuterol sulfate excipient enhanced growth (AS-EEG) dry powder formulation, air-jet aerosolization engine, and custom air actuation system. The HFT-CC approach improved lung delivery to 25.6% compared to existing published data (12.8%) but was limited by losses in the circuit tubing and nasal interface. The HFT-IC approach with a split nasal interface achieved 45.1% lung delivery (HFT-IC3), nearly a fourfold improvement from previously published results, by isolating aerosol flow from HFT flow and eliminating upstream losses. While nose-throat (NT) deposition in HFT-IC3 remained high (39.6%), this approach presents an attractive target for future computational and experimental optimization. These findings prove that efficient dry powder aerosol lung delivery during 60 L/min humidified HFT is achievable, laying the groundwork for translational advances in the efficient delivery of pulmonary therapies such as surfactants, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and antivirals during ventilatory support.

Indexed as

Dry Powder InhalersAdministration, InhalationAerosolsAlbuterolCannulaDrug Delivery SystemsExcipientsHumansHumidityLungParticle SizePowdersAerosolsAlbuterolExcipientsPowdersacute respiratory distress syndromeair-jet dry powder inhalerdry powder aerosolhigh flow nasal cannula therapy (HFNC)high flow therapy (HFT)hypoxemianon-invasive ventilationpharmaceutical aerosols

Identifiers

PMID41807796

DOI10.4187/respcare.11400

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.