ArticleScientific reports2026
Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of elemental impurities and bioactive compounds in six wild mushrooms using Monte Carlo simulation.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Mushrooms, which can bioaccumulate environmental risk elements, have historically been considered a valuable and beneficial food source because of their nutritional and medicinal properties. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the natural bioactive potential of mushrooms and the levels of toxic elements. In this study, six edible mushroom species, Infundibulicybe geotropa, Tricholoma populinum, Tricholoma scalpturatum, Morchella importuna, Laccaria laccata, and Pholiota carbonaria, collected from their natural habitats in Bingöl and Van provinces of Türkiye, were investigated. Mushroom samples were collected from 2018 to 2020. The phenolic content and bioactivity of ethanol-extracted mushrooms were analyzed to determine their antioxidant bioactivity profiles. Simultaneously, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to evaluate the amounts of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) in the mushroom samples. The accuracy of the ICP–MS measurements was assessed using certified reference materials (CRMs), and recoveries were calculated as the ratio between measured and accredited values, ranging from 87.0% to 92.1%. The results were used to calculate the total carcinogenic risk (TCR), target hazard coefficient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and estimated daily intake (EDI) for adults and children. Monte Carlo simulation was also used to perform a probabilistic risk assessment, taking into account uncertainty in the exposure parameters. Antioxidant activity has been observed in mushroom species. Among mushrooms with antioxidant capacity, T. scalpturatum did not appear to pose a non-carcinogenic risk in adults due to elemental impurities (HI < 1); however, this risk increases in children and may pose a health risk (HI > 1). All mushrooms were found to pose a potential carcinogenic health concern (TCR ≥ 1 × 10− 4) to adults and children, and their consumption may pose a potential health risk. L. laccata, in particular, stands out as the riskiest species for public health, with both low antioxidant activity and high elemental contamination.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.