Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41807357›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

Spatial cartography of human thymus enables the geopositioning of lineage transcription factors in rare mimetic thymic epithelial cells.

Uma S Kamaraj, Ying Chen, Junjie Lei, Pradeep Gautam, Pongsatorn Horcharoensuk, Czaryna K M Clemente, Katja G Weinacht, Nicholas R J Gascoigne, Jinmiao Chen, Ching Kit Chen and 4 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Uma S Kamaraj *Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
Ying Chen *Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
Junjie LeiInstitute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
Pradeep GautamInstitute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
Pongsatorn HorcharoensukInstitute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
Czaryna K M ClementeDepartment of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Katja G WeinachtDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Nicholas R J GascoigneImmunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9980-4225
Jinmiao ChenSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7547-6423
Ching Kit ChenDepartment of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4302-3539
Qingfeng ChenInstitute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6437-1271
Qi-Jing LiInstitute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0542-9784
Lai Guan NgShanghai Immune Therapy Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1905-3586
Yuin-Han LohInstitute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore. Jonathan_LOH@a-star.edu.sg.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4715-6454

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The thymus is the primary site for T cell maturation. While transcriptional profiling of human thymi has been reported, a high-resolution spatial atlas is needed. Here we use Stereo-seq spatial transcriptomics to generate a spatial atlas of the human fetal (13, 14, 17 or 18 weeks post-conception) and pediatric (7 weeks, and 2, 5 or 6 years old) thymi. The architecture of the thymus comprises regions such as the outer cortex, inner medulla, and septa, and contains multiple cell types, including thymic epithelial cells (TEC), thymocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Utilising this spatial transcriptomics and proteomics information, we further describe lineage-defining transcription factors (TF) that govern molecular signatures of rare mimetic TEC regulation. Our study thus establishes a high-resolution spatial atlas of the human fetal and pediatric thymi to uncover distinct architectural features and TFs regulating these rare cell types, and serves as a resource for further studies.

Indexed as

Epithelial CellsThymus GlandTranscription FactorsB-LymphocytesCell LineageChildChild, PreschoolDendritic CellsFetusGene Expression ProfilingGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalHumansProteomicsSpatial TranscriptomicsThymocytesTranscription Factors

Identifiers

PMID41807357
PMCPMC13102919

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.