ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2026
Spatial single-cell proteotyping reveals immunotherapy-resistant features within the complex tumor microenvironment of metastatic NSCLC.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Liposomal drug delivery for lung cancer therapy: progress, challenges, and future perspectives.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Understanding immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy through spatial decoding of the lung cancer tumor immune microenvironment.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- PEGylated PLGA Nanoformulations For Effective Immunomodulatory Actors In Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUNDImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the programmed cell death 1 axis have revolutionized metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) treatment. However, disease progression remains a concern, and the role of the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) in treatment failure is not fully understood.METHODSIn this biomarker study involving 103 patients with mNSCLC, including 81 patients who received ICI treatment, we evaluated the association between heterogeneous immune cell subsets and ICI efficacy through single-cell spatial profiling of pretreatment tumor tissue, using a 29-marker multiplex IHC platform built for in-depth dissection of the TME.RESULTSAmong various types of intratumoral lymphocytes, including Th1, Treg, and NK cells, only CD8+ T cells (tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes [TILs]) were associated with ICI efficacy. Computational tissue segmentation underscored the importance of direct physical interactions between CD8+ TILs and cancer cells for ICI efficacy. TIL phenotyping identified CD39/CD103/Ki-67 positivity as a hallmark of exhausted yet functional tumor-reactive CD8+ TILs. Immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts were independent unfavorable adversaries. High CD73 expression on cancer cells was suggested to confer tolerance to ICI in EGFR/ALK-oncogene+ NSCLC, potentially through M2-TAM accumulation and aberrant angiogenesis.CONCLUSIONOur study delineates the clinical relevance of heterogeneous immune cell subsets in ICI-treated mNSCLC, aiding the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.FUNDINGOsaka Cancer Society, KANAE Foundation for the Promotion of Medical Science, SGH Foundation, and YOKOYAMA Foundation for Clinical Pharmacology.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.