ArticlePLOS global public health2026
Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection: An observational study.
Article in PLOS global public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
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Abstract
Since SARS-CoV-2 emergence, risk factors for reinfection have not been totally determined. In this cohort, we analyzed the monthly incidence and outcomes of COVID-19 reinfection and its association with variants of concern, demographic, and socioeconomic factors. An infection case was defined as a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 and reinfection as the presence of a new positive test after 90 days or more of the previous infection. From September 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022, a total of 12,051 cases of COVID-19 were analyzed: 11,129 had one infection, 890 had two infections, and 32 had three infections, yielding a reinfection rate of 7.6%. Female sex was a risk factor for reinfection (RR 1.5, 95% CI 1.23-1.75). A higher risk of reinfection was related to not practicing hand hygiene (RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.14-1.60) and working on-site or from home compared with no work (RR 1.53, 95% CI 1.24-1.87 and RR 3.18, 95% CI 2.02-4.99, respectively). The risk of progressing to moderate or severe disease was higher during the first infection compared with the second (RR 2.12, 95% CI 1.34-3.34). Patients with two or three infections were older than those with one, with a mean age of 75.5 ± 17.3 and 59.6 ± 19.1 years old, respectively (p < 0.002). Our results underscore the importance of targeted public health campaigns and preventive measures for specific demographic groups.
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