Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41804252›Full record

ArticleBJPsych open2026

The impact of social determinants of health and trajectories of medication use on functional outcomes in children with ADHD: study protocol.

Margaret Fletcher, Wei Pan, Rachel Dew, Peter J Duquette, Karin Reuter-Rice

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BJPsych open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Margaret FletcherSchool of Nursing, https://ror.org/00py81415Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8739-5978
Wei PanSchool of Nursing, https://ror.org/00py81415Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Rachel DewPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Peter J DuquettePsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Karin Reuter-RiceSchool of Nursing, https://ror.org/00py81415Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, resulting in impaired functioning in multiple settings, including home, school and in social settings. Disparities exist in ADHD care among children, with White male children experiencing increased access to diagnosis and treatment. Other children remain underdiagnosed, undertreated and subject to poorer functional outcomes. Factors that impact equitable ADHD treatment include gender, race, ethnicity and social determinants of health (SDOH), including household income, parental education, insurance status, neighbourhood deprivation and discrimination. Medication is effective, yet little is known regarding the impact of medication type and trajectories of use on functional outcomes.

aimsData from the first 6 time points of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development

methodThis study protocol describes the background and methods for an observational study seeking to better understand the impact of gender, race, ethnicity, SDOH and trajectories of medication use on child-reported functional outcome trajectories in a diverse group of US children with ADHD.

conclusionsFindings will advance the understanding of effective ADHD treatment and highlight the importance of equitable treatment access.

Indexed as

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorderchild and adolescent psychiatrychildhood experiencepsychopharmacologysocial functioning

Identifiers

PMID41804252
PMCPMC13107295

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.